Power Supplies — Switch-mode

For AC-to-DC conversion, the input voltage is first rectified and filtered.

Different circuit configurations, or topologies, are used based on the desired output:

Output voltage is maintained through Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) , where the duty cycle (ratio of on-to-off time) is adjusted by a feedback mechanism to compensate for load or input variations. 3. Common Topologies Switch-Mode Power Supplies

High-frequency transformers or inductors for energy storage and voltage transformation.

Efficiently steps down voltage to a lower level. For AC-to-DC conversion, the input voltage is first

1. Executive Summary A Switch-Mode Power Supply (SMPS) is an electronic power converter that uses a high-frequency switching regulator to convert electrical power efficiently. Unlike traditional linear power supplies that dissipate excess energy as heat, an SMPS utilizes semiconductor switching devices—such as MOSFETs or transistors—that rapidly alternate between full-on and full-off states. This mechanism significantly reduces energy loss and allows for more compact, lightweight designs. 2. Core Working Principles

Capable of either increasing or decreasing voltage. Executive Summary A Switch-Mode Power Supply (SMPS) is

Capacitors and inductors used at both input and output to reduce ripple and EMI. 6. Market and Applications