: It replaced the "Gold Clause" (SDRs) for calculating compensation, ensuring more stable and predictable financial recovery for cargo loss or damage. 3. Transition to the Montreal Convention (1999)
Montreal Protocol No. 4 introduced several critical changes to aviation law: 41975mp4
: Unlike earlier systems that allowed carriers to avoid liability by proving they took "all necessary measures," MP4 established a system of strict liability . The carrier is liable for damage or loss to cargo regardless of fault, with only a few specific exceptions (such as inherent defect in the cargo or an act of war). : It replaced the "Gold Clause" (SDRs) for
The international legal framework for aviation began with the Warsaw Convention of 1929 , which established uniform rules for passenger and cargo liability. By the 1970s, many of these rules were outdated. In September 1975, a series of "Additional Protocols" were signed in Montreal to update this system. 4 introduced several critical changes to aviation law: